QCD Puzzles, Predictions, and Prognosis

Although we have been measuring the structure of the proton for decades, there are still many outstanding puzzles to resolve. The broad kinematic reach of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) enables us to access a new energy regime where we hope to discover new physics. However, we must have a firm foundation upon which we calibrate these signals for new physics; this has important implications for the LHC "benchmark" processes such as W and Z boson production which are a crucial stepping stone to the Higgs discovery. We review the recent data as well as theoretical advances which enable an enhanced analysis of the upcoming LHC data.